Immunophenotypic and Morphological Spectrum of Leukemia in Diyala Governorate: CD Markers as Key Tools in Diagnosis and Classification

Abstract

leukemia is classified into two main types acute and chronic, the acute leukemia is further subdivided into, acute lymphocytic leukemia, which accounts for about three-quarters of acute leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia accounting for most of the rest of the acute leukemia cases, and the chronic leukemia is further divided into chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. The diagnosis and classification of leukemia rely on the simultaneous application of multiple techniques. Cytomorphology and histomorphology are combined with cytochemistry and multiparameter flow cytometry to assign the diagnostic sample to the correct entity. Every type of leukemia has a unique set of CD markers, which now serve as both the base for diagnosis and the classification of hematological malignancies. Immunophenotyping improves both the accuracy and reproducibility of acute leukemia classification. Acute Leukemia more common than Chronic Leukemia. -   acute myeloid leukemia is more common than chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is more common than chronic myeloid leukemia. Combination of both morphology and Immunophenotyping are important for diagnosis of leukemia.